Viable Step for reconciliation (VSFR)
While seeking an acceptable and durable solution of Kashmir , it is obligatory to respect the sentiments and wishes of people of, Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh, validity of UN resolutions does not fade-in , however for the permanent settlement of Kashmir imbroglio we have to suggest a proposal , which will become a genuine base for reconciliation on part of Kashmiri leadership to start with , so as to abridge the gulf between Pakistan and India , who have ranged their nuclear warheads at each other, but capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are, so the proposal should not be taken as a resolution, in the given situation , the suggestion are :
1. Immediate arrangements for simultaneous demilitarization on both sides of LOC should be made in the whole area of ts of hould be done i approximately 2,02236 Sq. Kms . However the security related
arrangements should be given to local police on both sides of present divide
2. Administrative control of all districts of Kashmir valley(which include Anantnag, Shoipian ,Kulgam , Pulwama, Srinagar, Budgam , Ganderbal, Baramullah, Bandipora and Kupwara) district Kargil , districts of Jammu (which include Doda, Kishtawar , Reasi , Ramban, Poonch , Rajouri, and some areas of Udhampur which include Chenani) and on Azad Kashmir side , districts include Muzffarabad, Bhimber, Mirpur , Kotli ,Sudhnoti,Poonch Rawalkot, Neelam , Bagh, Authmuqam and some areas of Gilghit which include Astore -will be called as mostly war affected or violence affected areas rather in principle High Conflict Zones(HCZs) , thus the rest areas should be considered as Low Conflict Zones (LCZs). HCZS should be given to Kashmiris by means of self governance with the establishment of joint parliament and granting a specific cooling period having their own foreign policy .
However representatives from the areas must be in the joint Parliament headed by President but each district mentioned above must be one constituency for parliamentary affairs .
Two governments will exist each headed by Chief Minister, in the two parts of Kashmir, but two assemblies will comprise of representatives elected from the constituencies which exist presently in both Kashmirs .For holding impartial election following mode must be adopted .
Election Monitoring Agency
Impartial humanistic actors of two neighbouring countries of Sub-continent can play a prominent role in encouraging democratization in those areas which will come under the cooling period(VSFR) especially under the supervision of retired reputed supreme court judges of India and Pakistan having impartial view about Kashmir issue, who can play the role of social scientists, both in terms of cause and consequence. The presence of monitors is counter to the self- interests of many of the politicians. Members belonging to the of India and Pakistan community and two countries will act as donor agencies also for the conduction of free and fair elections in(VSFR) areas , for political , economic , social and administrative setups so that civilized world recognizes it as a full swing . democratic verdict because it allows elected leaders ; truly committed to democratization to that they get distinguished from “pseudo-democrats.”
Therefore to establish two assemblies and a single parliament , their is dire need to lay down Election Monitoring Agency , which will be fully autonomous and hold adult franchise in (VSFR) areas with Chairman belonging to (VSFR) areas, as its head ;meant for the purpose ,which later can be converted into full-swing election commission .
3. Jointly India and Pakistan must support development projects in whole of Jammu Kashmir in a way of joint mechanism over an area of approximately 2,02236 Sq. Kms especially hydroelectricity and tourism development projects with the validity of both currencies excluding the area measuring 44447.2 Sq. Kms which is under the control rather occupation of China . Hydroelectricity ownership rights must be given to its natives(All Parts of Kashmir(VSFR) including Gilghat, Baltistan and other parts of Jammu and Leh.
Hence need for; a)Joint Energy Development Commission(JEDC) and b)Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC) arises to support its economy .
a)
Joint Energy Development Commission (JEDC) for all parts of Jammu Kashmir
Energy is the power to change things, it is the ability to do work. So is hydro power generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. In old times people used the power of rivers for agriculture and grinding of wheat pulses ,rice, spices etc. . Nowadays, rivers and streams are re-directed through hydro generators to produce energy, although there are pros and cons as far as local ecosystems are concerned.
Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock.
Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily load factor of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run-of-the-river plants, since it is not then possible to store water. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is: P = ρhrgk, where P is Power in watts, ρ is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3), h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
Considering the renewed awareness of geostrategic security concerns based on energy and resources, this should be no surprise. The combined forces of the world’s population demographics with the impending effect of global climate change has forced environmental and security strategists to acknowledge both each other and the potential devastating severity of such a crisis.
Since the 20th century, water has been a significant feature of the various conflicts rather than their sole purpose.
Now in the first decade of the 21st century, this may no longer be the case. With the increasing pressures, especially from rapid population growth, urbanization and climate change, this century may in fact witness a birth of full-scale wars for fresh water ,which is the lifeline for generation of eco-friendly energy , irrigation and drinking .[i]
Economics
The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.
Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the Three Gorges Dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation.
Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas). While some carbon dioxide is produced during manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating emissions of equivalent fossil-fuel electricity generation. One measurement of greenhouse gas related and other externality comparison between energy sources can be found in the project by the Paul Scherrer Institute and the University of Stuttgart which was funded by the European Commission. According to this project, hydroelectricity produces the least amount of greenhouse gases and externality of any energy source. Coming in second place was wind, third was nuclear energy, and fourth was solar photovoltaic. The extremely positive greenhouse gas impact of hydroelectricity is found especially in temperate climates. The above study was for local energy in Europe; presumably similar conditions prevail in North America and Northern Asia, which all see a regular, natural freeze or thaw cycle (with associated seasonal plant decay and re-growth).
Related activities
Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countries, aquaculture in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation support agriculture with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.
Why (JEDC)
Jammu Kashmir has the enormous potential to generate hydroelectricity and it is estimated that if fully explored it can go up to 52,000 MWs on either side of LOC along with the areas of Ghilghit and Baltistan , but unfortunately only 10% of Kashmir’s waters are being utilized that too mainly for irrigation and rest by India and Pakistan , if somebody sensibly peers in , it is fare injustice to a common Kashmiri ( People of Jammu Kashmir on both sides ) the local consumption as estimated in all parts of Kashmir regions is believed not more than 12,000 MWs , therefore only hydroelectricity can generate a hefty amounts of money for its economic sustenance and if its waters are used by its actual owners (Kashmiris) it can also improve the irrigation system in the region thus a flip to agricultural related activities and in no way hamper the natural flow of waters gushing from Kashmir , which are used by India and Pakistan .
People of Jammu Kashmir (both sides must have first and foremost right over its waters than India and Pakistan) for giving equal sharing of energy therefore proposition to establish energy commission arises which will look into needs of energy and water for irrigation in all parts of Jammu Kashmir including Gilghat and Baltistan .
However for India and Pakistan a joint mechanism in needed to have a fool proof system between Kashmir , so as to satiate all the three .
As per 2002 report “Reshaping the Agenda in Kashmir” by Waslekar comments that the disputed territory’s potential could help to transform it “from a valley of death and destruction to a center of excellence in…engineering.” Other experts agree in the potential that Kashmir’s geography offers. Amending the limitations of the Indus Waters Treaty ,so that sustainable development is integrated throughout the area would greatly improve the hydroelectricity sector’s potential, improve irrigation facilities and regulations which would in turn boost agricultural growth, give rise to employment opportunities, help attract private investment, and in general pave the way for a healthy industrialization of the state.
Hence stipulation of Joint Energy Development Commission ( JEDC) could lead to economic growth,which in return will usher stability and the water sharing with joint development structure, a mutual confidence in peaceful and cooperative means of solving water disputes between India and Pakistan , moreover provincial heterogeneity of Jammu Kashmir can emerge into a single entity in terms of economic needs . As Indus Article XII does allow for modification of the treaty when agreed to by both parties.[ii]Henceforth JEDC could reinforce the basis for a lasting solution to the Jammu Kashmir question by helping transform relationships between two nuclear capable countries of Sub-Continent , thus reinventing it as a bridge for reconciliation , which can pave a way for the long lasting settlement of Kashmir and will look after the energy needs to all parts of Kashmir on either side of LOC along with Gilghat and Baltistan including Jammu .
b) Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC)
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited" Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
Why JTDC
Nature has gifted Jammu Kashmir with abundant natural resources , forests, heritage sites , religious pilgrims , sky touching mountains like K2(Mount Godwin-Austen) Pamir Mountains,Naga Parbat world's longest glaciers outside the polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan — the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and the Batura Glacier. , world’s highest battle field Saichin glacier which can be converted into tourist spot of peace(if Indo-Pak relations remain cordial ) , Asia’s best snow skiing spot Gulmarg , which can give an excellent support for the boosting its economy , therefore for growing together a dire need arises to establish another commission for the purpose for fostering tourism in Jammu Kashmir on either sides of LOC along with Gilghat and Baltistan including Jammu , as there is lot of scope for eco-tourism, heritage tourism , adventure tourism and most importantly pilgrimage tourism .The international tourist spots like Gulmarg , Pahalgam , Mughal gardens of Kashmir along with Harwan and Kokernag , K2 for mountaineering , Hillocks of Kargil and Leh for adventure tourism . Moreover Indus(Neelam and Chenab) for water rafting , moreover the tourist spots like Aharbal, Batote (Doda), [Kutton (Jagran Valley), Salkhala, Neelum (Karen), Dowarrian, Sharda, Jehleum Valley and Halmet (all in Azad Kashmir)]: have also attracted local tourists at large and their is the scope to turn them into international tourist spots. In addition some more tourist destination need to be explored like , Kongwatan , Kousarnag of Kulgam, Nagputin , Chohurnag, Chatapal,Sarbal Poshinarain of Anantnag ,Leepa Valley of Kupwara, Yousmarg of Budgam , besides various spots of Gilghat and Baltistan have a tremendous potential to become the tourist destinations of international repute . The most importantly the two site Amarnath and Vaishno Devi revered holy by Hindus are best places of pilgrimage tourism and their is also good scope for Charar Sharief and other shrines of Kashmir to become spots of pilgrimage tourism Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC) if established can look for the fostering of sustainable tourism develpoment in all parts of Jammu Kashmir. Thus properly managed tourism sector can become a boon to relieve the agony of economic distress in Jammu Kashmir .
4. People of Jammu Kashmir most be granted dual citizenship rights viz:
Citizens of Jammu Kashmir can get simultaneously citizenship of Pakistan or India ,by if they wish but:
a) People from present Pakistan Administered Kashmir whose areas have been already mentioned can be the citizens of whole Jammu Kashmir –even Pakistan (specific period)
b) People of present Indian Administered Kashmir whose areas have also been already mentioned can be the citizens of whole Jammu Kashmir –even India (specific period)
5. After the end of the cooling period necessary arrangements for referendum must be made asking people of Jammu Kashmir to accede with India or Pakistan or have the status quo, which they would witness then.
6. For Justice delivery system their will be a single supreme court and two high courts in two Kashmirs
7. For Basic development Education commission must be established defined as;
Education
Education is a method to explore maximum possibilities in an individual and is identification of talent and to channelize the potential for the precision . It is the only tool which transmits culture from generation to generation . Education is very important for an individual's success in life, which provides pupils teaching skills that prepare them physically, mentally and socially for the world of work in later life and is generally seen as the foundation of society which brings economic wealth, upward mobility social and political stability along with prosperity .
Good People sacrifices their time and money and sometimes even their health to raise educational level of a nation because they realize that education is only device which is the guarantee for better future .
In Islam education is very important for both males and females, particularly young children. Contrary to common perception, the seeking of all types of knowledge - be it academic, vocational, or religious - is encouraged at all ages. However, learning at an early age is thought to allow the mind to concentrate without the stresses and responsibilities of later adult life. The process of education for an individual continues till one’s life , it starts from cradle and ends at death . The education should be meaningful and profitable called “Ilmun Nafia”
Main purpose of education is to build a society according to desired norms of prevailing philosophical and social order . Education means orientation and moulding of character and behaviour of its individuals to the needs of the society and world order.
History
The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universität Berlin 1994 "began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc, formal education, and schooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC.
Levels of Education
1) Primary Education;
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5-7 years of formal, structured education. In general, main education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All(EFA) programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education, it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.
II)Secondary Education ;
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years.
In Europe the grammar school or academy existed from as early as the 1500s, public schools or fee paying schools, or charitable educational foundations have an even longer history.
The emergence of secondary education with reference to United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (i.e. emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created and the curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both the employer and the employee, because this improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment.
III) Higher Education
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.
Some other methods of education
a) Adult education;
Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specific courses such as veterinary, forestry , environment and conflict Management many more are now available to students through the Internet also .
Alternative education;
Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods.
Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, and home-based learning vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community.
Indigenous education;
Increasingly, the inclusion of indigenous models of education (methods and content) as an alternative within the scope of formal and non-formal education systems, has come to represent a significant factor contributing to the success of those members of indigenous communities who choose to access these systems, both as students or learners and as teachers or instructors.
As an educational method, the inclusion of indigenous ways of knowing, learning, instructing, teaching and training, has been viewed by many critical and postmodern scholars as important for ensuring that students or learners and teachers or instructors (whether indigenous or non-indigenous) are able to benefit from education in a culturally sensitive manner that draws upon, utilizes, promotes and enhances awareness of indigenous traditions.
For indigenous students or learners, and teachers or instructors, the inclusion of these methods often enhances educational effectiveness, success and learning outcomes by providing education that adheres to their own inherent perspectives, experiences and worldview. For non-indigenous students and teachers, education using such methods often has the effect of raising awareness of the individual traditions and collective experience of surrounding indigenous communities and peoples, thereby promoting greater respect for and appreciation of the cultural realities of these communities and peoples.
In terms of educational content, the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, traditions, perspectives, worldviews and conceptions within curricula, instructional materials and textbooks and course books have largely the same effects as the inclusion of indigenous methods in education. Indigenous students and teachers benefit from enhanced academic effectiveness, success and learning outcomes, while non-indigenous students or learners and teachers often have greater awareness, respect, and appreciation for indigenous communities and peoples in consequence of the content that is shared during the course of educational pursuits.
Educational theory
Education theory is the theory of the purpose, application and interpretation of education and learning. Its history begins with classical Greek educationalists and sophists and includes, since the 18th century, pedagogy and andragogy. In the 20th century, "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to teaching, assessment and education law, most of which are informed by various academic fields.
Why Education Commission (EC)
The 2007 Global Monitoring Report singled out fragile contexts as posing the greatest challenge for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Universal primary education is explicitly included in the MDGs; however, education is also an implicit theme in each of the other goals. For example, education is positively correlated with higher income rates—for every year of schooling, wages increase by an average of 10%[iii], and education is also closely connected to better health outcomes in a population, particularly in lowering infant & maternal mortality rates .[iv]There is much debate within the field regarding the terms used to denote the multiple ways in which to characterize the varied barriers that hold some countries back from achieving their development and, more specific to our work, educational goals. A body of literature grew out of the dual needs in the development and humanitarian assistance worlds to achieve the MDGs, and the increased focus on global security issues after September 11, 2001. Various descriptors have been used—states are “weak,” “failing,” “failed,” “collapsed,” “at risk,”“precarious,” “vulnerable,” “recovering,” “turning around,” or “Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS).” Regardless of which term was being used, each describes some type of “significant state failure or dysfunction” [v]Each term further generated significant controversy from the states being so defined, a controversy that remains today despite the attempts to use terminology that is more inclusive. The impetus for these state-centric definitions of fragility lies with donors and organizations committed to driving change by working alongside governments. The challenge for donors has been to create definitions that enable workable categories for donor principles and operational decision-making in troubled states where their own mission and programming strategies reflect state-building and governance priorities.
Therefore need arises to setup Education commission(EC) , which will look after for attaining quality education and increase the literacy rate , this commission will look for the needs of those areas which come under the High Conflict Zones (VSFR) because immediate requirement is not only to correct but also to improve this basic and essential social parameter .
It is worth to mention that in Indian administered Kashmir literacy rate ranges from 52-56% while as in Pakistan administered Kashmir (Azad Kashmir ) it is 60% thus an average of 56% on both sides of Kashmirs , which can be called as satisfactory not good , so there is very huge scope of improvement .
8. Preparedness for Post- Conflict Era(PCE)
Once the cooling period in (VSFR) is taken into account in the areas already given in detail, by granting cooling period it will lead to the first phase of (PCE), so temporary administrative setup needs to be formulated to support for the formation of government there from complete post - conflict era starts , which is the most difficult period to tackle because majority of elements who seem to be active in current ( pre-post-conflict phase)— it has been observed that they go through the pre-conditioning notions , which may technically be called “grievance and greed”, it is their self-interest which will make post-conflict phase very difficult .To prevent post –conflict corruption police is the reliable engine to bank upon. From operational experience the international community has learnt that the relevance of police component in the reform of a state’s security sector. The establishment of an effective and professional police force is essential , if the transition from a militarised society to a civilian one is to be successful and can be more effective , if they try to apply the tactics , as shown in the model of campaign against post-conflict corruption . Often, the police force that existed previously will have become dilapidated during the time of conflict and many of their duties will have been taken over by a military with far greater resources.
It is vital that a clear distinction of duties is to be made as soon as possible, followed by a swift programme to re-train and re-equip the remnants of the old force in order to prevent a prolonged security vacuum in the immediate post-conflict environment.
It will not only prove invaluable during the period of transition from conflict to peace but also the rule of law institutions will be the key to providing the expectation and assurance of human security – a crucial service, if return to violent conflict is to be prevented. . In many cases, reform will include regaining the trust of a society that has lost its faith in the police force. In democratic societies, the police is the most visible element of the security sector and their public image has a particularly strong effect on the public perception of their own individual security. It is no different in a post-conflict situation ,police force can help to inspire confidence in the apparent return to peace. By approaching policing with a community-based public servant mentality rather than a self-serving public official mentality , which is the way to win the confidence of the public in the reform process. Post-conflict police reform theory is divided into several schools of thought, not all of which gel together. Should the onus of a reforming police force be on winning trust through the involvement of the community policies or should ‘problem-based policing’ be emphasized. Opportunities being missed in the reconstruction phase to incorporate ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ which has been shown to greatly complement ‘problem oriented’ approaches to policing. Similarly, research into ‘situational crime prevention’ has shown its complementary strengths. Amongst various models of policing, ‘community-based’ policing provides the appropriate relationship between police and community for building trust and providing feedback. However, this model requires strong support from either the nation or organisation leading reform and the local political leaders to delegate authority and autonomy to local communities, along with financial support.
For the maintenance of law and order , police force must uphold the ideology of public servant rather than public official - while trying to adhere to foreign working practices and methodologies with foundations in human rights and democratic oversight. Therefore ‘Justice and Security Sector Reform Team’(SSR) is to be established although to overlook the intangible requirements needed for successful SSR, such as the need for local political will. Beyond this, introducing the levels of professionalism requires to overcome institutionalised corruption in various forms will often require a change in the working culture if reforms are to prove permanent. The need to appreciate and facilitate the process of cultural change needs to be recognised and not glossed over if the structural transformation is to be paralleled in the human element.
Political need for short and medium-term dividends from SSR must be accommodated during the planning phase if political will and therefore funding is to be maintained for important aspects of reform that address these intangible requirements.
There is an important question surrounding the correct sequencing of reforms. Given that the security sector as a whole needs to be addressed and the finite resources available, how are the resources to be distributed in order to prevent reforms in one area from being undermined by the lack of reform progress in another, related sector. For example, if police reforms are not accompanied by parallel reforms in the Judicial and Penal sectors then the improvement in crime detection and arrest rates will most likely be undermined. An unreformed court system may prove incapable of processing an increased number of cases. The penal system, often a loser in terms of reforms, may be already at full capacity (or more) and pre-trial detention will not be viable – leading to greater problems with processing cases through the courts and a reluctance to make arrests on the part of the police. Integrated sequencing of reforms throughout the security sector is a question that will need to be addressed at the strategic level, preferably prior to deployment, but will equally need to be constantly revised as the operational realities of implementing SSR.
Finally, SSR requires extensive strategic planning and inter-agency coordination if reforms are to be correctly sequenced and implemented. It is this aspect of SSR that will likely prove the most challenging for many in the donor community. To create a cross-agency, cross-donor, unified end-state vision that universally feeds the integrated strategic planning of reforms at all post-conflict stages is a mighty challenge. Even with a unified strategic vision there would need to be unprecedented levels of communication at an operational level to ensure the necessary levels of co-ordination. Throughout all of this it is vital for the local leadership to be included to maximise the understanding of the local context throughout the planning stages. Alienation of any of the parties involved would be particularly damaging to this process as it relies so heavily on openness and communication between actors. It is vitally important to appreciate that security sector reform is not simply about achieving a final ‘product’; witnessing and engaging in the process that will finally deliver the desired security end-state is the key experience that will educate local politicians, civil servants, and civil society. Their participation in the process contributes directly to the legitimacy of the reforms. The planning of reforms for the police and associated rule of law institutions should take into account the need to reflect societal norms and not prove unrecognisable to the population at large.
There are three approaches to advancing the security sector reform agenda. First India and Pakistan conjointly provide donor aid, which are required for creating pragmatic concepts so that SSR gets woven into their ongoing reform packages. Second, there are specific SSR capacity building projects taking place – education and training of field practitioners and civil servants from security sector governing institutions. Finally, the members of both India and Pakistan invest and contribute at all levels for security sector for the areas of (VSFR) and come along with refining approaches and help for designing strategic models that demonstrate the need for a holistic view to the rehabilitation of security in the post-conflict context.
Police reforms need to be coordinated and sequenced with appropriate reforms in both the judiciary and penal systems in keeping with SSR theory.
SSR Theory
Conflict Reconciliation Process through game theory inview of Viable Step For Reconciliation (VSFR)
The following process can help three parties in a reconciliation to play a game well and achieve a win-win. This can be played after developing a degree of goodwill among all(India, Pakistan and Kashmiri Leadership )
Following the (VSFR) process means that main party which is the causality in the conflict should:
Clarify to people and contemporary parties and have joint decision that needs to be made.This helps prevent 'scope creep' in the discussion which makes the conflict endless, or the argument going round in circles because different people are trying to solve different problems.
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9a
Key;
1) Pakistan 2)India 3) Kashmiri 4) Clarify people About your Proposal or proposals 5)Others position not yet expressed 6) Listen and communicate 7)Understand each others positions 8)Make trial Proposal 9) New Proposal 9a) New Idea 10)Asses Proposal 11)whether satisfies All12)Decision Made 13)Express Conclusion if any 14)Executive Decision 15) Can Be Reduced 16) Reduce Win Criteria 17)can be reduced 18)Does Not Meet “Stated Positions”19)Does Not Meet “Unstated Positions
Then; find out the win position of other parties.This involves:
Listening Indian viewpoint , without judging or arguing against their views.
Listening Pakistan viewpoint , without judging or arguing against their views.
Declare your(Kashmir) position , i.e reconciliation first
Declaring your own win position(settlement through reconciliation) so that India and Pakistan understand what you need.
Accepting others' win positions and not arguing with others' win positions
This can be difficult, because most people only see their only point of view and, in a conflict situation, emotion can make one blind to alternatives. In extreme cases, you may need to get each party to express or summarise the others' argument until the other party agrees with the summary. This is a very important stage and should not be rushed, because:
It will be much easier to find a way if everyone understands what everyone else needs from the situation (this is referred to as a game of "complete information" - not all games are as open as this, but in a team environment a complete sharing of information is a highly desirable goal).
This stage is done properly then it will ensures that any conflict is based on real differences and not misperceptions.
Brainstorm ideas. This is to generate creative ideas for meeting the desires of both/all parties. (Classic brainstorm rules mean you should generate ideas without evaluating them - e.g.: do not express disagreement with ideas at this point in the process).
Evaluate those ideas to see if it meets the win criteria of both parties(India and Pakistan)
This process takes a positive approach of making proposals that meet both win positions. If you don't take a positive approach (ie suggesting solutions rather than criticising others' views) the argument can end up going round in circles.
If, after evaluation, no ideas meet the win criteria of both parties, then:
Declare your package(VSFR) as already mentioned , which will be your win position. Ask other parties to declare how they might also be prepared to compromise.
Reevaluate the idea see whether oppose parties reach to compromise positions and see they achieve win-win position with no sense of defeat.
If, after this stage, there are still no ideas to oppose parties that meet the compromised win-win position, then you have to refer to a third impartial party for help. This might involve effective country to make an executive decision. In extreme cases, where games reach this stage the result is usually a lose for one or other party, and often a lose-lose scenario, which India would not like to do in given circumstances .
Finally, once agreement is reached then don't skip the final step – express the conclusion. If you don't ensure everyone remembers what the final decision was and why, you may get more conflict in the future (memories tend to be subjective) if you agree to disagree still then it will be your achievement and continue the process and retry again .
Conclusion :The Germans unite, Hongkong, Macao unites with China even Taiwan went into the folds of Peoples Republic of China, East Timor emerged as a new country and Serbs got liberated from tyrany and oppression . So, why can’t the Kashmiris? " The moon beams kiss the seas, the mountains kiss the high heavens. What are all these Kissing’s worth, if we the Kashmiris do not kiss each other." Is it simply because their unity is not in the interest of the Anglo-American alliance. Let the two countries of India and Pakistan get out of the surveillance of Anglo-American alliance and stand on their own two feet. Address Kashmir seriously without any belligerency, polemics or procrastination , aren’t Kashmiris having the right to exist as a nation on the world Map as a country in accordance with , Chapter I, clause 3 of UNO. [vi]
The Glimpses of Indo Pak wars
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947: This is also called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was pressured to accede to either of the newly independent states of Pakistan or India. He was about to sign the stand still agreement , however, tribal forces prompted by Pakistan attacked and occupied the some areas princely state because large scale murdering of Muslim was carried out by fanatic Hindus during partition . This move forced the Maharajah to sign the "Agreement to the accession of the princely state to India" the validity of accession has been doubted by many independent sources. The United Nations was then invited by India to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of the Kashmiris must be ascertained. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). As per most independent sources as many as around 9000 Indian soldiers died and 1200 Pakistani soldiers were also killed.[vii]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: This war started following of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to highlight the issue of Jammu Kashmir at international arena. India retaliated by launching an attack on Pakistan. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and was witness to the largest tank battle in military history since World War II. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. The estimate of deaths by independent sources were 10234 Indian soldiers and 7000 Pakistani soldiers including Pakistani armed Volunteers.[viii]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971: The war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan. Following Operation Searchlight, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighboring India. Because of the impending humanitarian crisis and its own interest in dismembering Pakistan, India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh crises. After a failed pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces surrendered to India as all supply line to then East Pakistan were cut down by Indian following which Bangladesh was created. This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of nearly 90,000 Pakistani police and civilians. It is believed that 1,000,000-3,000,000 Bangladeshis were killed as a result of this war while almost 12000 Pakistani and 4000 Indian soldiers also got killed. [ix]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1999: Commonly known as Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. Pakistani troops along with Kashmiri insurgents [Militants] infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and Indian administered Territory mostly in the Kargil district. Pakistani government believed that its nuclear weapons would deter a full-scale escalation in conflict but India launched a major military campaign to flush out the infiltrators. Due increasing foreign diplomatic pressure, Pakistan was forced to withdraw its forces back across the LoC. The estimates of deaths are not clearly indicated.
[i] ) (Peter Gleick, Water Conflict Chronology, Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security. Updated 12 October 2006. Available online at: http://www.worldwater.org/chronology.html./ Peter Gleick, “Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security”, International Security, vol. 18, no. 1 (Summer, 1993), pg. 79-112.
[ii] ) .( Sridar, “Indus Waters Treaty.”)
[iii] ) (Save the Children, 2008)
[iv] ) Ibid: Save the Children, 2008).
[v] ) (Grono, January 2007, para. 3).
[vi] ) CHAPTER I: PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES, Article 1, To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion;(UN Charter)
[vii] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1952)
[viii] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1972)
[ix] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1980)
While seeking an acceptable and durable solution of Kashmir , it is obligatory to respect the sentiments and wishes of people of, Kashmir, Jammu and Ladakh, validity of UN resolutions does not fade-in , however for the permanent settlement of Kashmir imbroglio we have to suggest a proposal , which will become a genuine base for reconciliation on part of Kashmiri leadership to start with , so as to abridge the gulf between Pakistan and India , who have ranged their nuclear warheads at each other, but capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are, so the proposal should not be taken as a resolution, in the given situation , the suggestion are :
1. Immediate arrangements for simultaneous demilitarization on both sides of LOC should be made in the whole area of ts of hould be done i approximately 2,02236 Sq. Kms . However the security related
arrangements should be given to local police on both sides of present divide
2. Administrative control of all districts of Kashmir valley(which include Anantnag, Shoipian ,Kulgam , Pulwama, Srinagar, Budgam , Ganderbal, Baramullah, Bandipora and Kupwara) district Kargil , districts of Jammu (which include Doda, Kishtawar , Reasi , Ramban, Poonch , Rajouri, and some areas of Udhampur which include Chenani) and on Azad Kashmir side , districts include Muzffarabad, Bhimber, Mirpur , Kotli ,Sudhnoti,Poonch Rawalkot, Neelam , Bagh, Authmuqam and some areas of Gilghit which include Astore -will be called as mostly war affected or violence affected areas rather in principle High Conflict Zones(HCZs) , thus the rest areas should be considered as Low Conflict Zones (LCZs). HCZS should be given to Kashmiris by means of self governance with the establishment of joint parliament and granting a specific cooling period having their own foreign policy .
However representatives from the areas must be in the joint Parliament headed by President but each district mentioned above must be one constituency for parliamentary affairs .
Two governments will exist each headed by Chief Minister, in the two parts of Kashmir, but two assemblies will comprise of representatives elected from the constituencies which exist presently in both Kashmirs .For holding impartial election following mode must be adopted .
Election Monitoring Agency
Impartial humanistic actors of two neighbouring countries of Sub-continent can play a prominent role in encouraging democratization in those areas which will come under the cooling period(VSFR) especially under the supervision of retired reputed supreme court judges of India and Pakistan having impartial view about Kashmir issue, who can play the role of social scientists, both in terms of cause and consequence. The presence of monitors is counter to the self- interests of many of the politicians. Members belonging to the of India and Pakistan community and two countries will act as donor agencies also for the conduction of free and fair elections in(VSFR) areas , for political , economic , social and administrative setups so that civilized world recognizes it as a full swing . democratic verdict because it allows elected leaders ; truly committed to democratization to that they get distinguished from “pseudo-democrats.”
Therefore to establish two assemblies and a single parliament , their is dire need to lay down Election Monitoring Agency , which will be fully autonomous and hold adult franchise in (VSFR) areas with Chairman belonging to (VSFR) areas, as its head ;meant for the purpose ,which later can be converted into full-swing election commission .
3. Jointly India and Pakistan must support development projects in whole of Jammu Kashmir in a way of joint mechanism over an area of approximately 2,02236 Sq. Kms especially hydroelectricity and tourism development projects with the validity of both currencies excluding the area measuring 44447.2 Sq. Kms which is under the control rather occupation of China . Hydroelectricity ownership rights must be given to its natives(All Parts of Kashmir(VSFR) including Gilghat, Baltistan and other parts of Jammu and Leh.
Hence need for; a)Joint Energy Development Commission(JEDC) and b)Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC) arises to support its economy .
a)
Joint Energy Development Commission (JEDC) for all parts of Jammu Kashmir
Energy is the power to change things, it is the ability to do work. So is hydro power generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. In old times people used the power of rivers for agriculture and grinding of wheat pulses ,rice, spices etc. . Nowadays, rivers and streams are re-directed through hydro generators to produce energy, although there are pros and cons as far as local ecosystems are concerned.
Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) than fossil fuel powered energy plants. Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. In this case the energy extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To obtain very high head, water for a hydraulic turbine may be run through a large pipe called a penstock.
Pumped storage hydroelectricity produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped storage schemes currently provide the only commercially important means of large-scale grid energy storage and improve the daily load factor of the generation system. Hydroelectric plants with no reservoir capacity are called run-of-the-river plants, since it is not then possible to store water. Less common types of hydro schemes use water's kinetic energy or undammed sources such as undershot waterwheels.
A simple formula for approximating electric power production at a hydroelectric plant is: P = ρhrgk, where P is Power in watts, ρ is the density of water (~1000 kg/m3), h is height in meters, r is flow rate in cubic meters per second, g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to 1. Efficiency is often higher (that is, closer to 1) with larger and more modern turbines.
Annual electric energy production depends on the available water supply. In some installations the water flow rate can vary by a factor of 10:1 over the course of a year.
Considering the renewed awareness of geostrategic security concerns based on energy and resources, this should be no surprise. The combined forces of the world’s population demographics with the impending effect of global climate change has forced environmental and security strategists to acknowledge both each other and the potential devastating severity of such a crisis.
Since the 20th century, water has been a significant feature of the various conflicts rather than their sole purpose.
Now in the first decade of the 21st century, this may no longer be the case. With the increasing pressures, especially from rapid population growth, urbanization and climate change, this century may in fact witness a birth of full-scale wars for fresh water ,which is the lifeline for generation of eco-friendly energy , irrigation and drinking .[i]
Economics
The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed.
Hydroelectric plants also tend to have longer economic lives than fuel-fired generation, with some plants now in service which were built 50 to 100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.
Where a dam serves multiple purposes, a hydroelectric plant may be added with relatively low construction cost, providing a useful revenue stream to offset the costs of dam operation. It has been calculated that the sale of electricity from the Three Gorges Dam will cover the construction costs after 5 to 8 years of full generation.
Since hydroelectric dams do not burn fossil fuels, they do not directly produce carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas). While some carbon dioxide is produced during manufacture and construction of the project, this is a tiny fraction of the operating emissions of equivalent fossil-fuel electricity generation. One measurement of greenhouse gas related and other externality comparison between energy sources can be found in the project by the Paul Scherrer Institute and the University of Stuttgart which was funded by the European Commission. According to this project, hydroelectricity produces the least amount of greenhouse gases and externality of any energy source. Coming in second place was wind, third was nuclear energy, and fourth was solar photovoltaic. The extremely positive greenhouse gas impact of hydroelectricity is found especially in temperate climates. The above study was for local energy in Europe; presumably similar conditions prevail in North America and Northern Asia, which all see a regular, natural freeze or thaw cycle (with associated seasonal plant decay and re-growth).
Related activities
Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for water sports, and become tourist attractions in themselves. In some countries, aquaculture in reservoirs is common. Multi-use dams installed for irrigation support agriculture with a relatively constant water supply. Large hydro dams can control floods, which would otherwise affect people living downstream of the project.
Why (JEDC)
Jammu Kashmir has the enormous potential to generate hydroelectricity and it is estimated that if fully explored it can go up to 52,000 MWs on either side of LOC along with the areas of Ghilghit and Baltistan , but unfortunately only 10% of Kashmir’s waters are being utilized that too mainly for irrigation and rest by India and Pakistan , if somebody sensibly peers in , it is fare injustice to a common Kashmiri ( People of Jammu Kashmir on both sides ) the local consumption as estimated in all parts of Kashmir regions is believed not more than 12,000 MWs , therefore only hydroelectricity can generate a hefty amounts of money for its economic sustenance and if its waters are used by its actual owners (Kashmiris) it can also improve the irrigation system in the region thus a flip to agricultural related activities and in no way hamper the natural flow of waters gushing from Kashmir , which are used by India and Pakistan .
People of Jammu Kashmir (both sides must have first and foremost right over its waters than India and Pakistan) for giving equal sharing of energy therefore proposition to establish energy commission arises which will look into needs of energy and water for irrigation in all parts of Jammu Kashmir including Gilghat and Baltistan .
However for India and Pakistan a joint mechanism in needed to have a fool proof system between Kashmir , so as to satiate all the three .
As per 2002 report “Reshaping the Agenda in Kashmir” by Waslekar comments that the disputed territory’s potential could help to transform it “from a valley of death and destruction to a center of excellence in…engineering.” Other experts agree in the potential that Kashmir’s geography offers. Amending the limitations of the Indus Waters Treaty ,so that sustainable development is integrated throughout the area would greatly improve the hydroelectricity sector’s potential, improve irrigation facilities and regulations which would in turn boost agricultural growth, give rise to employment opportunities, help attract private investment, and in general pave the way for a healthy industrialization of the state.
Hence stipulation of Joint Energy Development Commission ( JEDC) could lead to economic growth,which in return will usher stability and the water sharing with joint development structure, a mutual confidence in peaceful and cooperative means of solving water disputes between India and Pakistan , moreover provincial heterogeneity of Jammu Kashmir can emerge into a single entity in terms of economic needs . As Indus Article XII does allow for modification of the treaty when agreed to by both parties.[ii]Henceforth JEDC could reinforce the basis for a lasting solution to the Jammu Kashmir question by helping transform relationships between two nuclear capable countries of Sub-Continent , thus reinventing it as a bridge for reconciliation , which can pave a way for the long lasting settlement of Kashmir and will look after the energy needs to all parts of Kashmir on either side of LOC along with Gilghat and Baltistan including Jammu .
b) Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC)
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited" Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as people who travel "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity." In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destination outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes." In 1981, the International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism defined tourism in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home.
Why JTDC
Nature has gifted Jammu Kashmir with abundant natural resources , forests, heritage sites , religious pilgrims , sky touching mountains like K2(Mount Godwin-Austen) Pamir Mountains,Naga Parbat world's longest glaciers outside the polar regions are found in Gilgit-Baltistan — the Biafo Glacier, the Baltoro Glacier, and the Batura Glacier. , world’s highest battle field Saichin glacier which can be converted into tourist spot of peace(if Indo-Pak relations remain cordial ) , Asia’s best snow skiing spot Gulmarg , which can give an excellent support for the boosting its economy , therefore for growing together a dire need arises to establish another commission for the purpose for fostering tourism in Jammu Kashmir on either sides of LOC along with Gilghat and Baltistan including Jammu , as there is lot of scope for eco-tourism, heritage tourism , adventure tourism and most importantly pilgrimage tourism .The international tourist spots like Gulmarg , Pahalgam , Mughal gardens of Kashmir along with Harwan and Kokernag , K2 for mountaineering , Hillocks of Kargil and Leh for adventure tourism . Moreover Indus(Neelam and Chenab) for water rafting , moreover the tourist spots like Aharbal, Batote (Doda), [Kutton (Jagran Valley), Salkhala, Neelum (Karen), Dowarrian, Sharda, Jehleum Valley and Halmet (all in Azad Kashmir)]: have also attracted local tourists at large and their is the scope to turn them into international tourist spots. In addition some more tourist destination need to be explored like , Kongwatan , Kousarnag of Kulgam, Nagputin , Chohurnag, Chatapal,Sarbal Poshinarain of Anantnag ,Leepa Valley of Kupwara, Yousmarg of Budgam , besides various spots of Gilghat and Baltistan have a tremendous potential to become the tourist destinations of international repute . The most importantly the two site Amarnath and Vaishno Devi revered holy by Hindus are best places of pilgrimage tourism and their is also good scope for Charar Sharief and other shrines of Kashmir to become spots of pilgrimage tourism Joint Tourism Development Commission (JTDC) if established can look for the fostering of sustainable tourism develpoment in all parts of Jammu Kashmir. Thus properly managed tourism sector can become a boon to relieve the agony of economic distress in Jammu Kashmir .
4. People of Jammu Kashmir most be granted dual citizenship rights viz:
Citizens of Jammu Kashmir can get simultaneously citizenship of Pakistan or India ,by if they wish but:
a) People from present Pakistan Administered Kashmir whose areas have been already mentioned can be the citizens of whole Jammu Kashmir –even Pakistan (specific period)
b) People of present Indian Administered Kashmir whose areas have also been already mentioned can be the citizens of whole Jammu Kashmir –even India (specific period)
5. After the end of the cooling period necessary arrangements for referendum must be made asking people of Jammu Kashmir to accede with India or Pakistan or have the status quo, which they would witness then.
6. For Justice delivery system their will be a single supreme court and two high courts in two Kashmirs
7. For Basic development Education commission must be established defined as;
Education
Education is a method to explore maximum possibilities in an individual and is identification of talent and to channelize the potential for the precision . It is the only tool which transmits culture from generation to generation . Education is very important for an individual's success in life, which provides pupils teaching skills that prepare them physically, mentally and socially for the world of work in later life and is generally seen as the foundation of society which brings economic wealth, upward mobility social and political stability along with prosperity .
Good People sacrifices their time and money and sometimes even their health to raise educational level of a nation because they realize that education is only device which is the guarantee for better future .
In Islam education is very important for both males and females, particularly young children. Contrary to common perception, the seeking of all types of knowledge - be it academic, vocational, or religious - is encouraged at all ages. However, learning at an early age is thought to allow the mind to concentrate without the stresses and responsibilities of later adult life. The process of education for an individual continues till one’s life , it starts from cradle and ends at death . The education should be meaningful and profitable called “Ilmun Nafia”
Main purpose of education is to build a society according to desired norms of prevailing philosophical and social order . Education means orientation and moulding of character and behaviour of its individuals to the needs of the society and world order.
History
The history of education according to Dieter Lenzen, president of the Freie Universität Berlin 1994 "began either millions of years ago or at the end of 1770". Education as a science cannot be separated from the educational traditions that existed before. Adults trained the young of their society in the knowledge and skills they would need to master and eventually pass on. The evolution of culture, and human beings depended on this practice of transmitting knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling continued from one generation to the next. Oral language developed into written symbols and letters. The depth and breadth of knowledge that could be preserved and passed soon increased exponentially. When cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond the basic skills of communicating, trading, gathering food, religious practices, etc, formal education, and schooling, eventually followed. Schooling in this sense was already in place in Egypt between 3000 and 500BC.
Levels of Education
1) Primary Education;
Primary (or elementary) education consists of the first 5-7 years of formal, structured education. In general, main education consists of six or eight years of schooling starting at the age of five or six, although this varies between, and sometimes within, countries. Globally, around 70% of primary-age children are enrolled in primary education, and this proportion is rising. Under the Education For All(EFA) programs driven by UNESCO, most countries have committed to achieving universal enrollment in primary education by 2015, and in many countries, it is compulsory for children to receive primary education, it generally occurs at about eleven or twelve years of age. Some education systems have separate middle schools, with the transition to the final stage of secondary education taking place at around the age of fourteen. Schools that provide primary education, are mostly referred to as primary schools. Primary schools in these countries are often subdivided into infant schools and junior schools.
II)Secondary Education ;
In most contemporary educational systems of the world, secondary education consists of the second years of formal education that occur during adolescence. It is characterized by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors, to the optional, selective tertiary, "post-secondary", or "higher" education (e.g., university, vocational school) for adults. Depending on the system, schools for this period, or a part of it, may be called secondary or high schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, middle schools, colleges, or vocational schools. The exact meaning of any of these terms varies from one system to another. The exact boundary between primary and secondary education also varies from country to country and even within them, but is generally around the seventh to the tenth year of schooling. Secondary education occurs mainly during the teenage years.
In Europe the grammar school or academy existed from as early as the 1500s, public schools or fee paying schools, or charitable educational foundations have an even longer history.
The emergence of secondary education with reference to United States did not happen until 1910, caused by the rise in big businesses and technological advances in factories (i.e. emergence of electrification), that required skilled workers. In order to meet this new job demand, high schools were created and the curriculum focused on practical job skills that would better prepare students for white collar or skilled blue collar work. This proved to be beneficial for both the employer and the employee, because this improvement in human capital caused employees to become more efficient, which lowered costs for the employer, and skilled employees received a higher wage than employees with just primary educational attainment.
III) Higher Education
Higher education, also called tertiary, third stage, or post secondary education, is the non-compulsory educational level that follows the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges and universities are the main institutions that provide tertiary education. Collectively, these are sometimes known as tertiary institutions. Tertiary education generally results in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, or academic degrees.
Higher education includes teaching, research and social services activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as graduate school). Higher education in that country generally involves work towards a degree-level or foundation degree qualification. In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy.
Some other methods of education
a) Adult education;
Adult education has become common in many countries. It takes on many forms, ranging from formal class-based learning to self-directed learning and e-learning. A number of career specific courses such as veterinary, forestry , environment and conflict Management many more are now available to students through the Internet also .
Alternative education;
Alternative education, also known as non-traditional education or educational alternative, is a broad term that may be used to refer to all forms of education outside of traditional education (for all age groups and levels of education). This may include not only forms of education designed for students with special needs (ranging from teenage pregnancy to intellectual disability), but also forms of education designed for a general audience and employing alternative educational philosophies and methods.
Alternatives of the latter type are often the result of education reform and are rooted in various philosophies that are commonly fundamentally different from those of traditional compulsory education. While some have strong political, scholarly, or philosophical orientations, others are more informal associations of teachers and students dissatisfied with certain aspects of traditional education. These alternatives, which include charter schools, alternative schools, independent schools, and home-based learning vary widely, but often emphasize the value of small class size, close relationships between students and teachers, and a sense of community.
Indigenous education;
Increasingly, the inclusion of indigenous models of education (methods and content) as an alternative within the scope of formal and non-formal education systems, has come to represent a significant factor contributing to the success of those members of indigenous communities who choose to access these systems, both as students or learners and as teachers or instructors.
As an educational method, the inclusion of indigenous ways of knowing, learning, instructing, teaching and training, has been viewed by many critical and postmodern scholars as important for ensuring that students or learners and teachers or instructors (whether indigenous or non-indigenous) are able to benefit from education in a culturally sensitive manner that draws upon, utilizes, promotes and enhances awareness of indigenous traditions.
For indigenous students or learners, and teachers or instructors, the inclusion of these methods often enhances educational effectiveness, success and learning outcomes by providing education that adheres to their own inherent perspectives, experiences and worldview. For non-indigenous students and teachers, education using such methods often has the effect of raising awareness of the individual traditions and collective experience of surrounding indigenous communities and peoples, thereby promoting greater respect for and appreciation of the cultural realities of these communities and peoples.
In terms of educational content, the inclusion of indigenous knowledge, traditions, perspectives, worldviews and conceptions within curricula, instructional materials and textbooks and course books have largely the same effects as the inclusion of indigenous methods in education. Indigenous students and teachers benefit from enhanced academic effectiveness, success and learning outcomes, while non-indigenous students or learners and teachers often have greater awareness, respect, and appreciation for indigenous communities and peoples in consequence of the content that is shared during the course of educational pursuits.
Educational theory
Education theory is the theory of the purpose, application and interpretation of education and learning. Its history begins with classical Greek educationalists and sophists and includes, since the 18th century, pedagogy and andragogy. In the 20th century, "theory" has become an umbrella term for a variety of scholarly approaches to teaching, assessment and education law, most of which are informed by various academic fields.
Why Education Commission (EC)
The 2007 Global Monitoring Report singled out fragile contexts as posing the greatest challenge for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Universal primary education is explicitly included in the MDGs; however, education is also an implicit theme in each of the other goals. For example, education is positively correlated with higher income rates—for every year of schooling, wages increase by an average of 10%[iii], and education is also closely connected to better health outcomes in a population, particularly in lowering infant & maternal mortality rates .[iv]There is much debate within the field regarding the terms used to denote the multiple ways in which to characterize the varied barriers that hold some countries back from achieving their development and, more specific to our work, educational goals. A body of literature grew out of the dual needs in the development and humanitarian assistance worlds to achieve the MDGs, and the increased focus on global security issues after September 11, 2001. Various descriptors have been used—states are “weak,” “failing,” “failed,” “collapsed,” “at risk,”“precarious,” “vulnerable,” “recovering,” “turning around,” or “Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS).” Regardless of which term was being used, each describes some type of “significant state failure or dysfunction” [v]Each term further generated significant controversy from the states being so defined, a controversy that remains today despite the attempts to use terminology that is more inclusive. The impetus for these state-centric definitions of fragility lies with donors and organizations committed to driving change by working alongside governments. The challenge for donors has been to create definitions that enable workable categories for donor principles and operational decision-making in troubled states where their own mission and programming strategies reflect state-building and governance priorities.
Therefore need arises to setup Education commission(EC) , which will look after for attaining quality education and increase the literacy rate , this commission will look for the needs of those areas which come under the High Conflict Zones (VSFR) because immediate requirement is not only to correct but also to improve this basic and essential social parameter .
It is worth to mention that in Indian administered Kashmir literacy rate ranges from 52-56% while as in Pakistan administered Kashmir (Azad Kashmir ) it is 60% thus an average of 56% on both sides of Kashmirs , which can be called as satisfactory not good , so there is very huge scope of improvement .
8. Preparedness for Post- Conflict Era(PCE)
Once the cooling period in (VSFR) is taken into account in the areas already given in detail, by granting cooling period it will lead to the first phase of (PCE), so temporary administrative setup needs to be formulated to support for the formation of government there from complete post - conflict era starts , which is the most difficult period to tackle because majority of elements who seem to be active in current ( pre-post-conflict phase)— it has been observed that they go through the pre-conditioning notions , which may technically be called “grievance and greed”, it is their self-interest which will make post-conflict phase very difficult .To prevent post –conflict corruption police is the reliable engine to bank upon. From operational experience the international community has learnt that the relevance of police component in the reform of a state’s security sector. The establishment of an effective and professional police force is essential , if the transition from a militarised society to a civilian one is to be successful and can be more effective , if they try to apply the tactics , as shown in the model of campaign against post-conflict corruption . Often, the police force that existed previously will have become dilapidated during the time of conflict and many of their duties will have been taken over by a military with far greater resources.
It is vital that a clear distinction of duties is to be made as soon as possible, followed by a swift programme to re-train and re-equip the remnants of the old force in order to prevent a prolonged security vacuum in the immediate post-conflict environment.
It will not only prove invaluable during the period of transition from conflict to peace but also the rule of law institutions will be the key to providing the expectation and assurance of human security – a crucial service, if return to violent conflict is to be prevented. . In many cases, reform will include regaining the trust of a society that has lost its faith in the police force. In democratic societies, the police is the most visible element of the security sector and their public image has a particularly strong effect on the public perception of their own individual security. It is no different in a post-conflict situation ,police force can help to inspire confidence in the apparent return to peace. By approaching policing with a community-based public servant mentality rather than a self-serving public official mentality , which is the way to win the confidence of the public in the reform process. Post-conflict police reform theory is divided into several schools of thought, not all of which gel together. Should the onus of a reforming police force be on winning trust through the involvement of the community policies or should ‘problem-based policing’ be emphasized. Opportunities being missed in the reconstruction phase to incorporate ‘crime prevention through environmental design’ which has been shown to greatly complement ‘problem oriented’ approaches to policing. Similarly, research into ‘situational crime prevention’ has shown its complementary strengths. Amongst various models of policing, ‘community-based’ policing provides the appropriate relationship between police and community for building trust and providing feedback. However, this model requires strong support from either the nation or organisation leading reform and the local political leaders to delegate authority and autonomy to local communities, along with financial support.
For the maintenance of law and order , police force must uphold the ideology of public servant rather than public official - while trying to adhere to foreign working practices and methodologies with foundations in human rights and democratic oversight. Therefore ‘Justice and Security Sector Reform Team’(SSR) is to be established although to overlook the intangible requirements needed for successful SSR, such as the need for local political will. Beyond this, introducing the levels of professionalism requires to overcome institutionalised corruption in various forms will often require a change in the working culture if reforms are to prove permanent. The need to appreciate and facilitate the process of cultural change needs to be recognised and not glossed over if the structural transformation is to be paralleled in the human element.
Political need for short and medium-term dividends from SSR must be accommodated during the planning phase if political will and therefore funding is to be maintained for important aspects of reform that address these intangible requirements.
There is an important question surrounding the correct sequencing of reforms. Given that the security sector as a whole needs to be addressed and the finite resources available, how are the resources to be distributed in order to prevent reforms in one area from being undermined by the lack of reform progress in another, related sector. For example, if police reforms are not accompanied by parallel reforms in the Judicial and Penal sectors then the improvement in crime detection and arrest rates will most likely be undermined. An unreformed court system may prove incapable of processing an increased number of cases. The penal system, often a loser in terms of reforms, may be already at full capacity (or more) and pre-trial detention will not be viable – leading to greater problems with processing cases through the courts and a reluctance to make arrests on the part of the police. Integrated sequencing of reforms throughout the security sector is a question that will need to be addressed at the strategic level, preferably prior to deployment, but will equally need to be constantly revised as the operational realities of implementing SSR.
Finally, SSR requires extensive strategic planning and inter-agency coordination if reforms are to be correctly sequenced and implemented. It is this aspect of SSR that will likely prove the most challenging for many in the donor community. To create a cross-agency, cross-donor, unified end-state vision that universally feeds the integrated strategic planning of reforms at all post-conflict stages is a mighty challenge. Even with a unified strategic vision there would need to be unprecedented levels of communication at an operational level to ensure the necessary levels of co-ordination. Throughout all of this it is vital for the local leadership to be included to maximise the understanding of the local context throughout the planning stages. Alienation of any of the parties involved would be particularly damaging to this process as it relies so heavily on openness and communication between actors. It is vitally important to appreciate that security sector reform is not simply about achieving a final ‘product’; witnessing and engaging in the process that will finally deliver the desired security end-state is the key experience that will educate local politicians, civil servants, and civil society. Their participation in the process contributes directly to the legitimacy of the reforms. The planning of reforms for the police and associated rule of law institutions should take into account the need to reflect societal norms and not prove unrecognisable to the population at large.
There are three approaches to advancing the security sector reform agenda. First India and Pakistan conjointly provide donor aid, which are required for creating pragmatic concepts so that SSR gets woven into their ongoing reform packages. Second, there are specific SSR capacity building projects taking place – education and training of field practitioners and civil servants from security sector governing institutions. Finally, the members of both India and Pakistan invest and contribute at all levels for security sector for the areas of (VSFR) and come along with refining approaches and help for designing strategic models that demonstrate the need for a holistic view to the rehabilitation of security in the post-conflict context.
Police reforms need to be coordinated and sequenced with appropriate reforms in both the judiciary and penal systems in keeping with SSR theory.
SSR Theory
Conflict Reconciliation Process through game theory inview of Viable Step For Reconciliation (VSFR)
The following process can help three parties in a reconciliation to play a game well and achieve a win-win. This can be played after developing a degree of goodwill among all(India, Pakistan and Kashmiri Leadership )
Following the (VSFR) process means that main party which is the causality in the conflict should:
Clarify to people and contemporary parties and have joint decision that needs to be made.This helps prevent 'scope creep' in the discussion which makes the conflict endless, or the argument going round in circles because different people are trying to solve different problems.
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Key;
1) Pakistan 2)India 3) Kashmiri 4) Clarify people About your Proposal or proposals 5)Others position not yet expressed 6) Listen and communicate 7)Understand each others positions 8)Make trial Proposal 9) New Proposal 9a) New Idea 10)Asses Proposal 11)whether satisfies All12)Decision Made 13)Express Conclusion if any 14)Executive Decision 15) Can Be Reduced 16) Reduce Win Criteria 17)can be reduced 18)Does Not Meet “Stated Positions”19)Does Not Meet “Unstated Positions
Then; find out the win position of other parties.This involves:
Listening Indian viewpoint , without judging or arguing against their views.
Listening Pakistan viewpoint , without judging or arguing against their views.
Declare your(Kashmir) position , i.e reconciliation first
Declaring your own win position(settlement through reconciliation) so that India and Pakistan understand what you need.
Accepting others' win positions and not arguing with others' win positions
This can be difficult, because most people only see their only point of view and, in a conflict situation, emotion can make one blind to alternatives. In extreme cases, you may need to get each party to express or summarise the others' argument until the other party agrees with the summary. This is a very important stage and should not be rushed, because:
It will be much easier to find a way if everyone understands what everyone else needs from the situation (this is referred to as a game of "complete information" - not all games are as open as this, but in a team environment a complete sharing of information is a highly desirable goal).
This stage is done properly then it will ensures that any conflict is based on real differences and not misperceptions.
Brainstorm ideas. This is to generate creative ideas for meeting the desires of both/all parties. (Classic brainstorm rules mean you should generate ideas without evaluating them - e.g.: do not express disagreement with ideas at this point in the process).
Evaluate those ideas to see if it meets the win criteria of both parties(India and Pakistan)
This process takes a positive approach of making proposals that meet both win positions. If you don't take a positive approach (ie suggesting solutions rather than criticising others' views) the argument can end up going round in circles.
If, after evaluation, no ideas meet the win criteria of both parties, then:
Declare your package(VSFR) as already mentioned , which will be your win position. Ask other parties to declare how they might also be prepared to compromise.
Reevaluate the idea see whether oppose parties reach to compromise positions and see they achieve win-win position with no sense of defeat.
If, after this stage, there are still no ideas to oppose parties that meet the compromised win-win position, then you have to refer to a third impartial party for help. This might involve effective country to make an executive decision. In extreme cases, where games reach this stage the result is usually a lose for one or other party, and often a lose-lose scenario, which India would not like to do in given circumstances .
Finally, once agreement is reached then don't skip the final step – express the conclusion. If you don't ensure everyone remembers what the final decision was and why, you may get more conflict in the future (memories tend to be subjective) if you agree to disagree still then it will be your achievement and continue the process and retry again .
Conclusion :The Germans unite, Hongkong, Macao unites with China even Taiwan went into the folds of Peoples Republic of China, East Timor emerged as a new country and Serbs got liberated from tyrany and oppression . So, why can’t the Kashmiris? " The moon beams kiss the seas, the mountains kiss the high heavens. What are all these Kissing’s worth, if we the Kashmiris do not kiss each other." Is it simply because their unity is not in the interest of the Anglo-American alliance. Let the two countries of India and Pakistan get out of the surveillance of Anglo-American alliance and stand on their own two feet. Address Kashmir seriously without any belligerency, polemics or procrastination , aren’t Kashmiris having the right to exist as a nation on the world Map as a country in accordance with , Chapter I, clause 3 of UNO. [vi]
The Glimpses of Indo Pak wars
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947: This is also called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was pressured to accede to either of the newly independent states of Pakistan or India. He was about to sign the stand still agreement , however, tribal forces prompted by Pakistan attacked and occupied the some areas princely state because large scale murdering of Muslim was carried out by fanatic Hindus during partition . This move forced the Maharajah to sign the "Agreement to the accession of the princely state to India" the validity of accession has been doubted by many independent sources. The United Nations was then invited by India to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of the Kashmiris must be ascertained. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on 21 April 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). As per most independent sources as many as around 9000 Indian soldiers died and 1200 Pakistani soldiers were also killed.[vii]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: This war started following of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to highlight the issue of Jammu Kashmir at international arena. India retaliated by launching an attack on Pakistan. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and was witness to the largest tank battle in military history since World War II. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. The estimate of deaths by independent sources were 10234 Indian soldiers and 7000 Pakistani soldiers including Pakistani armed Volunteers.[viii]
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971: The war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis brewing in erstwhile East Pakistan. Following Operation Searchlight, about 10 million Bengalis in East Pakistan took refuge in neighboring India. Because of the impending humanitarian crisis and its own interest in dismembering Pakistan, India intervened in the ongoing Bangladesh crises. After a failed pre-emptive strike by Pakistan, full-scale hostilities between the two countries commenced. Within two weeks of intense fighting, Pakistani forces surrendered to India as all supply line to then East Pakistan were cut down by Indian following which Bangladesh was created. This war saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of prisoners of war since the Second World War after the surrender of nearly 90,000 Pakistani police and civilians. It is believed that 1,000,000-3,000,000 Bangladeshis were killed as a result of this war while almost 12000 Pakistani and 4000 Indian soldiers also got killed. [ix]
Indo-Pakistani War of 1999: Commonly known as Kargil War, this conflict between the two countries was mostly limited. Pakistani troops along with Kashmiri insurgents [Militants] infiltrated across the Line of Control (LoC) and Indian administered Territory mostly in the Kargil district. Pakistani government believed that its nuclear weapons would deter a full-scale escalation in conflict but India launched a major military campaign to flush out the infiltrators. Due increasing foreign diplomatic pressure, Pakistan was forced to withdraw its forces back across the LoC. The estimates of deaths are not clearly indicated.
[i] ) (Peter Gleick, Water Conflict Chronology, Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment and Security. Updated 12 October 2006. Available online at: http://www.worldwater.org/chronology.html./ Peter Gleick, “Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security”, International Security, vol. 18, no. 1 (Summer, 1993), pg. 79-112.
[ii] ) .( Sridar, “Indus Waters Treaty.”)
[iii] ) (Save the Children, 2008)
[iv] ) Ibid: Save the Children, 2008).
[v] ) (Grono, January 2007, para. 3).
[vi] ) CHAPTER I: PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES, Article 1, To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion;(UN Charter)
[vii] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1952)
[viii] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1972)
[ix] ) ( British war Magazine, London , 1980)
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